I think it's time that we address literature in terms of the particular and the universal. I know, I know, you were all thinking the exact same thing. It's weird how in sync we are already, right?
You ever notice how people seem incapable of leaving Shakespeare's plays in the time and place of their original settings? I mean, must we transplant Richard III into an early 20th century labor dispute or make Macbeth soliloquize in a dusty town square in the Old West? Can't we just leave well enough alone? Well, no, we can't. We do things like this because there is a universality to Shakespeare's work that begs constant comparison and reconsideration. Hamlet's plight is his, but it is also ours...to some degree, at least. We love Joyce's Dublin and Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha because they are incredibly specific microcosms for much larger spaces and struggles. They are miraculous, incomparable blends of the particular and the universal. Thomas C. Foster discusses this sort of literary phenomenon in much more detail in Chapter 9 of How to Read Novels Like a Professor. Treating a work of fiction as an allegory can be a tricky balancing act: do it just right, and you enrich it, greatly lengthening its reach and depth; do it wrong (meaning overdo it), and you actually simplify it, bleaching its unique hues and effacing its nuances. Naturally, Dune is ripe for allegorical interpretation. How do you think Herbert did on this score? Does his tale possess enough merit on its own as a work of fiction, or do you think he leans too heavily on the allegorical? What societal and personal issues do you feel he most effectively tackles, and what other works do you feel operate similarly? Can't wait to read what you have to say. Now I'm off to pen a Dune re-imagining that takes place in Prohibition-era Chicago. Screenwriting credits for anyone who contributes to my bold new vision!
34 Comments
Luca Tomescu
8/3/2015 07:47:24 am
1. Dune serves both as a valuable allegorical foil of society and a respectable novel in its own right. In my personal opinion, the most obvious association between the novel and our own world is the importance of spice in Herbert's universe compared to mankind's reliance on oil for transportation and the creation of countless basic products. Part of what Herbert portrays in Dune is a heated conflict over the spice and how it escalates into a movement that threatens the well-being of the entire universe. This comes across as a warning to the reader and to people on earth to be careful about their copious extraction and use of oil. It's as if Herbert actually portrayed the future because a few decades after the release of Dune, the United States began waging wars in the Middle East solely to remain in possession of some of the world's vastest oil reserves. Those events have made the events of Dune even more pertinent than when they were introduced in 1965, and I think that's part of the reason why the novel has continued to have such magnificent success. I also think it's worth mentioning that the novel can be compared as somewhat of an allegory of the Cold War, especially since that was the era during which Herbert wrote the novel. The House Atreides could be likened to the United States, as could the House Harkonnen to the Soviet Union.
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Alvaro Iglesias
8/11/2015 05:34:59 am
In terms of your second answer, I agree to the allegory of keeping the environment healthy. While the Harkonens and other Great Houses continue to capture the spice without care of the environment (an allegory to large corporations, maybe?), those who've lived on the planet for generations understand the importance of the environment, and plant the seeds for better health in the future while at no benefit for themselves. It's very interesting how much Herbert understood about environmental care when writing this book despite limited information relative to what we have now .
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Danielle Edmonds
8/12/2015 02:07:44 am
Also in response to your second answer, I think Herbert stresses environmental issues to such an extent in Dune that the novel serves as a warning. While researching the sand dunes in Oregon that served as his inspiration and envisioning a futuristic universe around them, he seems to have realized that such conditions could actually be possible if people don't protect the environment and conserve its resources. He wanted anyone that read the novel however long after it was published to understand what future generations could be up against, even if many of the other elements in Dune are too fantastic to ever occur.
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Janie Hu
8/20/2015 06:29:12 am
Like Alvaro and Danielle, I concur with the assessment that Herbert puts emphasis on preserving and placing more attention towards our environment. Indeed Herbert was influenced by the Oregon Sand Dunes when he was researching them for ecological purposes, and this planted the seed for writing Dune. I do not know if this is a stretch to say...but I feel like Frank Herbert was writing in response to the modern environmental movement that was quickly becoming a controversial topic in the mid to late 1900’s in America. Dune was a way for him to express his perspective on maintaining and improving our ecosystem. It appears to seem that Herbert proactively advocates human intervention in order to conserve and accentuate nature’s beauty and what it has to offer to humanity.
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Amy Chen
8/8/2015 03:23:56 pm
1. The story that takes place within Dune is definitely a unique work of science fiction in itself, yet also reflects many allegorical aspects seen in countless novels and literature pieces. One particular symbolism in the novel is that of the Bene Gesserit religion for Christianity. The Fremen on Arrakis waited for a Messiah to rescue them and lead them to their freedom, in the same way that Christians live a life on Earth waiting for the return of Jesus so that he may lead his people to an eternal life in heaven. In addition, the Fremen were always underestimated and under a sort of oppression under harsh Harkonnen rule as they roamed the desert constantly on the search for water or spice for survival. Fremen were strong believers of prophesies and legends that were passed down from ancestors of generations before. In similarity, Christians believe that sin and evil are matters that are inherently oppressive and hindering towards true freedom, but that there is hope in the words of the Bible that have been passed down from generation to generation. The fact that the Bene Gesserit religion relates to Christianity creates a depth in the culture of the characters in the universe of the novel. Herbert definitely very well balances the allegory with the fiction in the novel; the story could have still held its own distinction even without the biblical allusions and the religion allegory.
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Kelly Fan
8/25/2015 11:01:05 am
In regards to the second part of your response, I completely agree with your thematic understanding of "the future" and connection to the real world at the time of the novel's publishing. The sixties was not only a time of internal oppression in the United States but the nation was also battling in the extensive Vietnam War. Regardless of whether it was for civil rights or the prevention of communism, citizens ceaselessly fought and strove for the bettering of their own futures, just as the characters of Dune did.
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Marina Zafiris
8/17/2015 03:05:30 pm
All novels, great novels especially, take parts of relating stories or events and recreate it into a tale of "originality." This is a way of reoccurring broad themes that are persistent in life teachings and of course literature.
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Marina Zafiris
8/17/2015 03:56:19 pm
In relation to this concept of the haunting power of an inanimate object such as drugs recognized in Dune, Herbert's work strangely reminds me of The Lorax by Dr. Seuss. Duke of Leto in his determination to become governor of a desert wasteland filled with the spice, despite consistent warning, put his family in danger and ultimately died. In The Lorax, the main character named the Once-ler, was able to create a profitable product with the Truffula trees. He proceeded to deteriorate the environment due to greed, ultimately leaving himself in a state of loneliness and seclusion.
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Madison McClendon
8/22/2015 07:16:02 pm
Marina, I'm so glad you brought up the subject of addiction! I think it's one of the themes that gets looked over most in this book because its simply not as glamorous and at times, less relatable than some of the more common motifs. However Herbert goes out of his way to repeatedly highlight the addictive nature of spice and the myriad of other drugs prevalent in the Imperial Kingdom. This book was written in the mid-60's, just as the world was begining its exponential growth in technological advancement. The spice of Arrakis is described as a life-giving substance upon which the entire universe is dependent, and once you begin to use it, you become dependent. I wonder if Herbert intended the spice to serve, in part, as a warning about mankind's growing dependance on technology, something we have certainly become addicted to.
Kalpana Vaidya
8/25/2015 11:46:00 am
I completely agree with you, Madison. I think that the way Herbert can keep a novel set thousands of years in the future still relevant not only to the '60s but even now as well is quite remarkable. I know that you mention that Herbert is talking about addiction of technology, and Marina focuses on substance abuse. I think the spice is more associated with Marina's idea - drug addiction. Generally, people tend to stray away from the idea of openly addressing drug addiction. As you said, it is not really a topic the majority can relate to. Do you think that Herbert purposefully included that side to attract that kind of audience? Or was he just using it as awareness?
Viren Joopelli
8/25/2015 02:26:42 pm
I agree with the idea of Herbert addressing the issue of drug addiction. The mid-1960s also saw the rise of the hippie/counterculture movement, and along with it increased drug use. It is quite possible that Herbert was using the addictive nature of melange as a parallel to the drug addiction issues that many Americans were facing during the time period. I also believe he was using it to raise awareness against drug use. While the melange may reap some benefits such as the enhanced abilities, it ultimately resulted in an actual physical conflict, exhibiting that drug use may seem good in the short term but is actually bad in the long term.
Arun Sabapathy
8/26/2015 12:58:43 pm
To add on to this concurring of ideas(myself included) I would also like to bring up the observation of many sci-fi or theoretical pieces containing elements of then-current societal controversies. Dune does a great example with the Oil Crisis as Marina pointed out, which still exists today. In addition, Ray Bradbury's novel is of a similar setting, a futuristic struggling of power in America, in which the media saturates the attention and ethics of its viewers. A ban on "old books" is in place. This very relevant today, as we may not put a restriction on reading but our own minds do, in the wake to watch a TV show or movie. In the same way it is remarkable how relevant literature of this type from 50+ years ago can still be relevant today, even in our self-perception of a society that has "changed dramatically in the past century." Maybe this is not so true.
David Hartman
8/27/2015 10:08:09 am
Marina I agree with the statement that melange is essentially Herbert's way of addressing the problem of drug usage. The conflict within the book did indeed originate from greed, both on part of the Harkonnens and the Duke Leto. Despite the Duke's seemingly good intentions to help the population on Arrakis, it can not be ignored that he, too, only conquered the world for its resources. The war that ensued is analogous to the Opium War of the past, that had detrimental socio-economic effects. The difference between this particular event and the conflict in Dune is that Herbert's characters failed to recognize the root of the problem, as you stated.
Caitlyn Wingerson
8/22/2015 02:54:16 am
As a reader who thoroughly enjoyed Dune, I feel the book has enough merit on its own. While the allegories certainly are present, I was first entertained by the book before feeling the need to analyze its contents. However, upon closer examination, the allegories made it even more enjoyable. As Amy Chen explained rather thoroughly, Dune has many religious allegories. This relates to the power religion has in the everyday lives of Dune's characters. Instead of widening the gap between secular and religious matters, Herbert closes the gap and even makes religion sometimes appear more powerful. Such is the case with the Bene Gesserit breeding program. While those with authority rule the houses of the Landsraad as they wish, none of those authority figures would be where they are without the Bene Gesserits finagling with the gene pools. While the Bene Gesserits certainly have their say in secular affairs, the main drive behind their decisions is to produce the Kwisatz Haderach, a male Bene Gesserit who would overcome the limitations of a female Bene Gesserit and arise as a prophet on Arrakis. Paul's assimilation into the Fremen culture and his time on Arrakis can be examined from many biblical points of view: because he's believed to be a Messiah and given names such as "Giver of Water", Paul can be seen as a Christ figure. He also functions as an allusion to the Apostle Paul because he (along with his mother) taught the Fremen the ways of the Bene Gesserits, or "the weirding way", similar to how the Apostle Paul spread Christianity. Lastly, I believe Paul can be analyzed as a Moses, who led the Israelites through the desert to the Promise Land. However, instead of leading the Fremen somewhere else, Paul encourages their vision to change their planet from inhospitably arid to lush and thriving.
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Daniel Cheung
8/22/2015 07:47:59 am
I definitely agree with Caitlyn in that Dune is first and foremost a novel intended for entertainment, and it does not rely on its allegorical aspects to convey the story. Ironically, it is because Dune is such a riveting story, that the allegory is allowed to thrive. Herbert does a great job of meeting Foster's expectations for a good allegory: he keeps novel specific to his characters and universe, and doesn't blatantly apply his novel to current issues.
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Madison McClendon
8/22/2015 07:07:27 pm
Dune would not have been nearly as successful as it was, and still is, had Herbert not found a way to balance on the thin line of reliability and originality. While there are clear allegorical themes woven throughout Dune, there are also enough creative and unique elements to entertain and amaze the reader. Some of the more relatable motifs I recognized in this novel were the David vs Goliath theme, seen in the struggle of the Freman tribes led by Paul against essentially the rest of civilization, the battle between mysticism and intellectualism, and of course, the classic debate of fate vs free will, a particularly central theme. In incorporating such classic and frequently used themes as these into his work, Herbert ran the risk of boring his readers with tired cliches. However, the originality of Dune, both in genre and detail, serve to reshape old themes, like fate vs free-will, and paint them in a way that forces the reader to reassess the ideas. For example, while many in Herbert's time had likely pondered and even questioned the extent of their culture's influence on their lives, there are likely few who ever approached the question from the eyes of a culture shocked, fifteen year old duke stranded on a desert planet trying to escape the claws of a galactic empire. The novelty of the situations the author creates shed new light on old ideas, and captivate readers again and again.
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Arianna Carr
8/22/2015 11:33:10 pm
There is no doubt that Dune is widely available to interpretation. The novel encompasses an entire universe that Frank Herbert designed with his own unique imagination and creativity. However, this world of his was not simply created without influence from the outside world, the real world, his world. Herbert certainly drew inspiration from what he knew to create the unknown, and this is clearly expressed through the relationships amongst the characters, the conflicted situations, and other literary developments and real world connections made within the novel. For instance, the different Houses or planetary governments in the novel and their relationships can be connected to the highly dysfunctional relationships amongst governments today. The struggle for “spice” is also a brilliant allegory for the real world’s struggle for resources and the fight to have the dominating control over them. The “spice” is actually one of the central issues that the conflict amongst the different houses revolve around. Similarly, the world economy and diplomatic issues are also centered on valuable resources like petroleum and even water.
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Arianna Carr
8/22/2015 11:35:19 pm
WOAH DON'T READ THE ONE ABOVE BECAUSE IT NEEDS PARAGRAPHS, AND I DON'T KNOW HOW TO DELETE
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Rushabh Mehta
8/25/2015 07:35:29 am
1. I think Dune was very much a novel which gained many allegories from the time it represented. I often thought of the issues faced in it a combination of issues from World War 2 and the Cold War combined, as it is safe to suggest that the author had experience in both. Primarily I saw World War 2 allegories with the Sarduakar forces, built on Salusas Secondus, which I could not help to notice as the SS, the special forces units from Nazi Germany, which also carried through with the way the Sarduakar treated the fremen and people of Arrakis, by torturing them and forcing them to do manual labor to extract spices. Secondly, I find the Cold War as an immense allegory for the story as much of the ideas of House Atriedes and House Harkonnen tie with the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. and their ties and "wars" in the Middle East during the Cold War in order to secure oil. Regardless without these allegories Herbert did a great job of making this novel understandable and pleasurable as a stand alone book.
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Chi Phu
8/27/2015 10:28:15 am
I agree with your allegories, I believe that Frank definitely threw in a few World War II and cold wars issues in the novel. I also think that the Sarduakars are a resemblance of the Nazi Army due to the special training they had and the treatment towards the Fremen and the people of Arrakis, they were tortured and being exploited to mine the Melange spice. The cold war is also a good allegory due to the book as the Harkonnens and the Atreides are fighting over the Melange spice and the U.S. and U.S.S.R are fighting over the oil in the Middle East.
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Maher Rahman
8/25/2015 10:49:42 am
I believe Herbert on the allegorical sense did very well on keeping his story that is set thousands of years in the future relevant to current topics. It works as a fiction by itself, however, if you understand the time that it was written, and the hidden allegories, you can also argue it leans heavily on allegory. The planet of Arrakis, a desert like environment that has one particular resource that the rest of the galaxy craves and cannot live without... Melange. at Herberts time, this runs parallel to the formation of OPEC. The middle east is mostly a desert like environment, with scarcity in water and not many resources aside from one. One resource that is so powerful that the Powers of France, United States, Britain, and nearly every other power dare not mess with them too much else they lose this resource. Oil. Like Melange, Oil is a powerful resource that gives OPEC a strong grasp on the Econonmy. Paul knows this, and uses it to his advantage by ensuring noone interferes with his business with the emperor. another work of fiction that similarly discusses real world allegories was Lord of the Flies. In that novel, the characters repeatedly that they wouldnt be fighting if they were adults, when in actuality, World War II was occuring at that same time, which was a war where Adults were fighting each other. By using novels to symbolically tackle issues, it helps the average reader digest an issue that they normally wouldnt care for, or understand without the help of Novels laying it out in a different way
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Kelly Fan
8/25/2015 11:34:40 am
The fact that Dune has withstood the test of time the way it has proves that it is the perfect balance of both security and creativity. In How to Read Novels Like a Professor, Foster argues that a piece of fictional literature has absolutely no staying power without the combination of a solid, meaningful background and moral lesson, as well as compelling originality in order to sustain the reader's interest. I believe that throughout Dune, Herbert tactfully incorporated allegory and a fresh new concept of science fiction. He alludes to Christianity/religion and politics to allow for his readers to empathize and connect with the characters and plot, but at the same time adds a twist of fantasy into it, thus creating a superlative piece of fiction.
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Kynnedi Sonnier
8/25/2015 01:09:12 pm
As far as addressing political and social issues in Dune, I believe Herbert achieved this possibly without intending to do so. First he tackles women's issues which is embodied by Jessica's constant struggle for power in a male-dominated society. As a Bene Gesserit, she has honed many skills that would make her a huge asset (such as Reverend Mother Gaius) in both government and military and yet the men in her society continually regard her with disdain: often calling her a witch as if her powers are a threat to their personal agendas, she is constantly forced to disarm herself (i.e. not using the Voice). Secondly, the Duke's hesitation to marry Jessica. It is made abundantly clear by Herbert that Duke Leto and Jessica share a genuine love for one another and yet, the Duke will not marry her because she is just a concubine, unfit for Duchess. Leto knows that by staying single he makes diplomatic relations between other houses a possibility. While Jessica may have understood this, it was a constant internal conflict. She had disobeyed Bene Gesserit orders to produce a female child, instead giving birth to the Duke's male heir. Its a cycle that is again repeated by Paul when he leaves his coupling with Chani in order to marry Princess Irulan. Again, its known that Paul only loves Chani and will never sleep with Princess Irulan but decides to marry her anyways for the sake of diplomacy. Jessica and Chani are forced to sacrifice their rightful places aside men who love them and be degraded to the Duke's concubines. Yes, we the readers know this is not entirely the case, we have the inside scoop. However to outsiders, they are just the Duke's side woman, not the main one. All in all, the role of women in Dune appear to be domestic; the Fremen women are caretakers, mothers, wives, clothing manufacturers, teachers. None of them are described to be useful in any sort of military tact or action, or even have any personal qualities described about them. On the other, in the Harkonnen, the women are purely for pleasure. They are disposable, as the Baron demonstrates by his punishment of Feyd. Interestingly enough however, the Baron is the one character in Dune who is gay. Which I might add is pretty offensive because he's also a HUGE pedophile; for Herbert, why does pedophilia and homosexuality go hand-in-hand here? Could the Baron's disregard toward female lives be a sort of social commentary about the gay male community's attitude toward women? I leave these questions for the class to discuss.
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Cody Nkrumah
8/26/2015 01:32:06 pm
I feel that the book of Dune is a little heavier on the allegorical side. For starters, the whole summarization of the book, if you will, is basically about two rival "gangs" battling it out for something that they want. In this case, what Baron Harkonnen wants is his rich-spiced land "melange" and to see The House Of Artiedes suffer. Naturally, Duke Leto couldn't have that happen. To me, this sounds a little more on the Romeo and Juliet side, expect a lot less people died at the end.
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Ragini Kondetimmanahalli
8/27/2015 11:18:37 am
Although the allegories are pretty heavy in Dune, I do think it impedes on the novel as a whole. If anything, the reason Dune has merit of its own is because of the allegorical side. Also, Dune is very different to Romeo and Juliet. The conflict in Dune doesn't center around romance at all unlike Romeo and Juliet. The characters are extremely different. The genres of the novel are completely different. So I agree that allegories are a major part of the novel, but I disagree with your classification of the novel.
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David Hartman
8/27/2015 08:32:48 am
1.) Frank Herbert accomplished the task of releasing his novel form the limiting factors by which a solely fictitious or nonfiction piece are often restrained. Dune is not a piece of work that is unrelated to the universe and serves no function other than to be a creative masterpiece. No, Frank Herbert employed the allegories that we see, for he wished to convey a message in his own unique way. The uniqueness of the novel stems from the author’s personal imagination and his finesse in creating situations analogous to dilemmas in real life. He relies upon the allegories an adequate amount to convey his personal thoughts or trends of the time, without allowing them to dominate the fiction part of the book. This is achieved by the amount of detail Herbert vests in his characters and their personas, for that is the main aspect influencing the personality of the book itself.
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Hoorain Momin
8/27/2015 10:00:31 am
1) I think that Herbert tackles the societal issue of Power and Women in Dune. Throughout the novel, there was a constant struggle for Power. Although Paul had not intentions on being our protagonist or hero, he was definitely forced to be one. He knew that if he didn't, he would have failed his people. I think that this power struggle can best be related to the struggle in Russia sending their military and wanting to take control of Ukraine. This is what our antagonist, Harkonnen basically wanted. He got his people to do his dirty work for him. As for the issue of women, we see from the very beginning of the novel that Jessica, wasn't married to Duke Leto , but was his concubine instead. We also see this happening with Paul. Relating this to gender issues, today's society is having problems with equal rights in the work place. In Dune, it seems as though these women are being devalued and degraded.
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Jesse Chao
8/27/2015 10:49:40 am
I feel that Herbert does well in his novel to showcase a mixture of the allegorical and new ideals. The Freman for example are distinguished as following traditions that all abide by, but the story also gives way to the fact that each person is different. Stilgar chose to accept Paul and Jessica even though others disagreed. It's a variation that one can question could be different and cause varying possibilities. The tribes or clans that the Freman create also have their own name for each person as well as the person having a Freman name meaning while these groups are connected, they view each person in their own light and see and judge people differently.
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Ragini Kondetimmanahalli
8/27/2015 11:00:04 am
There are several allegorical references that come to mind. The most obvious is that Arrakis and the exploitation of the spice represents the struggle over oil in the Middle East. This is one of the key aspects of the novel as the Atreides are constantly fighting for control. A second allegory is the idea that environment is being neglected. Since Herbert wrote this novel in the 1960s, a time when many environmental agencies were popping up, he makes environment a major theme in the novel.
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Ayo Shonowo
8/27/2015 12:22:42 pm
Dune most definitely has its own merit as a fiction novel, but I don't believe it can me read without the reader noticing its references to Man's relationship with nature, separation of government and religion, coming of age, and Betrayal and Loyalty.
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Kenji Chong
8/27/2015 12:44:13 pm
I feel that Herbert did a fantastic job on writing Dune. He has his own blend of science fiction and allegories (if that makes any sense). Herbert does not try to bombard us with allegories, rather he subtly puts them into the story, allowing the reader to analyze and learn from the novel. An allegory that Dune has is the water on Arrakis. It is an allegory to the shortages that the world is facing due to over population. In which, this could also be related to the spices on Arrakis. The spices in turn represent drugs on earth. The people of both planets view it as a stimulant a thing that they believe will help them lives their lives to the fullest. This could be viewed as how America is consumed/ addicted to drugs.
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Sabrina Shaikh
8/27/2015 12:55:23 pm
Frank Herbert does a pretty well off job on the creation of Dune. It's very unique and immensely engaging for the reader especially at the time it was written.
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Noah Lee
8/28/2015 09:20:34 am
By keeping the narration easy to follow and relatively straightforward, Herbert is able to project large quantities of detail into his work without creating a giant mess; he is able to address tons of different themes and issues. An easy style allows for easy reading, and a person can become submerged in a fantasy world, carelessly reading away at Dune without become too worked up over keeping track of who's who, and when's when. Reader enjoyability is a great factor to every novel's success, and by keeping a clear and straight path towards the finale of the novel, Herbert chose a surefire way to let the actual content of the writing do the talking. This way, we see the issues after already enjoying the book, and we're more likely to agree or look at them in a better light. Dune addresses a wide number of issues and pays considerable attention to multiple facets of adventure, but ultimately there is no pressing wider issue that the novel is trying to tackle. It comes off as a pleasant and simple piece, not riddled with innuendo, mystique, and symbolism, but as an appropriately paced piece that uses all three in perfectly sparse amounts- much like a dash of salt to compliment a well rounded meal. The fremen show lots of signs of being on the lower end of society, displaying themes like poverty, power struggles, and resource scarcity.
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Hannah Fasching
8/28/2015 10:39:08 am
I highly believe that Herbert wrote Dune for the sole purpose of allegorical interpretation. The societal issues discussed within this novel are too similar to today's societal issues for it to be a coincidence. I think Herbert wanted to write a work of fiction, but within it leave a message to the readers. The most prominent issue is the power struggle for Melange, which is paralleled with western society's thirst for oil. Conversational issues, such as using natural resources for wealth and power are common issues we face today. I also believe he represents the challenge of self-discovery within characters that is similar to the struggles of many young people today. Society is cruel and to be different and accept yourself is difficult and Herbert's characters showed this struggle of accepting who you are and learning to accept your destiny and whatever it may be.
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